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Schematic of space shuttle cockpit schematic12/14/2023 One ascent stage (Apollo 10's Snoopy) was discarded in a heliocentric orbit after its descent stage was discarded in lunar orbit. The six landed descent stages remain at their landing sites their corresponding ascent stages crashed into the Moon following use. The Apollo 13 lunar module functioned as a lifeboat to provide life support and propulsion to keep the crew alive for the trip home, when their CSM was disabled by an oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon. A third test flight in low lunar orbit was Apollo 10, a dress rehearsal for the first landing, conducted on Apollo 11. The first two flown were tests in low Earth orbit: Apollo 5, without a crew and Apollo 9 with a crew. Of these, six were landed by humans on the Moon from 1969 to 1972. Ten lunar modules were launched into space. The total cost of the LM for development and the units produced was $21.3 billion in 2016 dollars, adjusting from a nominal total of $2.2 billion using the NASA New Start Inflation Indices. Still, the LM became the most reliable component of the Apollo–Saturn space vehicle. Overseen by Grumman, the LM's development was plagued with problems that delayed its first uncrewed flight by about ten months and its first crewed flight by about three months. During takeoff, the spent descent stage was used as a launch pad for the ascent stage which then flew back to the command module, after which it was also discarded. Its crew of two flew the complete lunar module from lunar orbit to the Moon's surface. Structurally and aerodynamically incapable of flight through Earth's atmosphere, the two-stage lunar module was ferried to lunar orbit attached to the Apollo command and service module (CSM), about twice its mass. It was the first crewed spacecraft to operate exclusively in the airless vacuum of space, and remains the only crewed vehicle to land anywhere beyond Earth. The Apollo Lunar Module ( LM / ˈ l ɛ m/), originally designated the Lunar Excursion Module ( LEM), was the lunar lander spacecraft that was flown between lunar orbit and the Moon's surface during the United States' Apollo program. 13 ft 10 in (4.22 m) without landing gear
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